News and Articles

The report summarizes aspects of the theory of anisotropic flow in porous media and reviews the methodology for computing hydraulic potentials in an unconfined aquifer system. An algorithm has been devised by applying appropriate transformation techniques for anisotropic domain.

Numerical experiments have been performed using the algorithm to compute hydraulic potentials in certain hypothetical anisotropic aquifer systems. A number of cases have been studied with different coefficients of anisotropy for the aquifer as well as the angle inclination of the bedding planes of the soil strata. The simulated hydraulic potentials in the anisotropic domain are established as equipotential lines in vertical sections.

The report uses the Soil Conservation Services (SCS, 1956), Curve Number (SCS-CN) method, a widely used event based rainfall-runoff method for simulating daily rainfall-runoff data of three catchments, viz., Ramganga and Hemavathi catchments of the sub-humid regions and Sabarmati catchment of the arid region of India.

In the model formulation, the daily variation of parameter, potential maximum retention is governed by the known antecedent moisture condition. Hydrologic simulation studies provide a useful and important input to water resources planning and watershed management practices.

The report discusses the water availability computations under different data availability scenarios. Water availability generally refers to the volume of water available from the basin or stream at a particular point over a specified period of time. Volumetric relationship is reflected between rainfall and runoff. Many factors like climatic and basin characteristics affect the water availability of a basin. Time and space distribution of rainfall, its intensity and duration, surface vegetation, soil moisture, soil characteristics, topography and drainage network are some of the important factors.

In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model for subsurface flow has been developed for the analysis of unsteady flow for subsurface drains. The governing equation is the two-dimensional Richard’s equation in the mixed form. A strongly implicit finite-difference scheme has been used to solve the governing equation.

The model has been validated using the available analytical results of the one side drains. Validation of the model indicates good agreement between the results. It has been used to simulate a hypothetical case of subsurface drains with parallel drains. The present numerical model can be used to simulate the unsteady subsurface drainage problem having a side drain and parallel drains at both sides.

The study attempts to apply Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based approach for flood estimation. The design storm data of four catchments along with morphological characteristics have been considered. The geomorphological parameters and time area diagrams for each of the dam catchments were generated using the GIS package, Integrated Land and Water Information Systems (ILWIS).

The geomorphological parameters together with the time-area diagram forms an important input for the GIUH based Clark model. This model has been applied for deriving the instantaneous unit hydrograph and thereby to estimate the design flood in four dam catchments located in Luni and Chambal basins in Rajasthan viz. Jawai, Sei, Gamabhiri and Alnia. A review of the previous studies carried out using GIUH approach has been presented. Furthermore, a review of studies carried out using GIS techniques is also provided.

The status report reviews some of the important applications of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in surface water hydrology, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The review also covers the basic aspects of ANNs, various ANN architectures and learning algorithms.

The report discusses the status and progress of studies of various hydrological problems associated with mountainous areas experiencing rain and snow. The principal issues related to mountain hydrology on the local and regional scales are discussed and highlighted.

The status of the hydrological studies carried out in the mountainous basins indicates a poor understanding of basic hydrological variables like precipitation, temperature and evaporation. The non-availability of long duration hydrometeorological data for higher altitude areas is responsible for this.

The study presents a status report on hydrological problems of hard rock areas related to hydrological network design, groundwater quality, failure of open and borewells, regional flood formulae, groundwater balance studies, reservoir sedimentation, hydrological aspects of droughts, forest hydrology and drainage problems of black soil of the hard rock terrain.

The study reviews the present status of urbanization in the developed and developing countries and assesses the changes in urban hydrological cycle owing to this. The softwares used for studying urbanization and sanitation issues in the urban areas have been reviewed.

The report tries to review the hydrological studies done in the northeastern region of India by all agencies, governmental or non-governmental. Sufficient care has been taken to include all the salient features of the studies to make it comprehensive. The various information  included in this report are the purpose and year of study, location and extent of the study area with its brief description, data used, list of specific studies along with its results and recommendations wherever possible.

An attempt has been made to pull together all the studies related to hydrology and its allied field. Besides these planned studies done by various departments, research studies done by academic institutions and research and development organizations has also been included.