India

Content Courtesy: DevNetJobsIndia

• Program Manager for Water and Sanitation Education NGO

Haath Mein Sehat

Location: Mumbai, India
Last Date: June 29, 2010

Groundwater models simulate groundwater flow in sub-surface aquifers in terms of quantity (level) and quality (such as salinity) using the mathematical or numerical approach. When a Groundwater model is embedded in a management framework these are often referred as managment models.

The study defines the climatic regions in terms of readily available climatic parameters like ratio of mean annual precipitation to global terrestrial mean annual precipitation and ratio of mean annual potential evapotranspiration to mean annual precipitation (Ep/ Pa).

The study focuses on the drought characteristics of the sub-humid climatic regions across different parts of the country. It establishes that the drought frequency and intensity have a significant relationship with the above regional climatic parameters. Average drought frequency (yr) is seen to increase gradually from dry to wet regions, from 4 years in the regions with Ep/ Pa ≥ 2 to above 8 years in the regions with Ep/Pa ≤ 1.

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The study gives a systematic methodology to determine field hydraulic conductivity using Guelph Permeameter (GP), its limitation based on the experiences gained in the field and a comparison of its results with that estimated from the predictive method for the soils in Central Bihar. Predictive methods applying empirical formulae are used to ascertain hydraulic conductivity from easily determined factors like bulk density, porosity and water content.

Physically based hydrological models, soil water balance, groundwater flow and transport models require values of saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity to solve the sub-surface flow and transport equations. Several field, laboratory and predictive methods are available for determination of this parameter. However, these methods have some advantages and some limitations. GP is used as a tool to determine the field hydraulic conductivity even when the water table is low. It is portable, durable and allows rapid field calculation of saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.

The report presents the status of urban hydrology and highlights some of the hydrological problems related to urbanization in the world and in India. It covers a discussion on urban hydrologic cycle, hydrological and related problems of India, impact of urbanization on streamflow and urban water management. Some information on available urban hydrological models and the recommendations for the management of urban areas is also included.

The problems of urban hydrology have been of world concern for several years, but there have been few compilations of background information and even fewer comprehensive investigations of specific urban situations. The new information and data are of vital importance to the development of urban hydrology research in future.

This report is a compilation of the hydrological news in the print media in the country for the year 2000. The report is an attempt to put forth diverse hydrologic information and events reflecting the problems and indicate solutions for hydrologists, planners and water resource managers in particular. National newspapers like Hindustan Times, Indian Express and Hindu have been referred to, for tracking the Indian hydrological events due to flood, drought, quality, demand supply and availability.

The report details out the status of landfill and waste disposal technologies in India & abroad and reviews the scientific studies undertaken to support its design for long-lasting performance. Hydrological considerations play a major role in the selection of landfill sites and in the design and performance of landfills for hazardous waste management. A landfill is a form of a biochemical reactor where the municipal solid waste (MSW) comes into contact with moisture, a catalyst, and gets decomposed into solid waste, gases and liquid contaminants (leachate) resulting in the release of heat. The design of the control and recovery systems requires the estimation of amount and composition of gas and leachate accurately, as also the changes in these with time. Lysimeters are used to simulate the landfill performance.

The report presents a review of several aspects of non-point source of pollution, like extent and effects of pollution in surface and groundwater bodies, pollution control, monitoring, modeling and management options. Non-point source pollution originates from diffuse land areas that contribute pollutants to surface and groundwater bodies. Sediments, nutrients and pesticides are transported from croplands either in a dissolved form in runoff or through adsorption onto eroded soil particles. Apart from this it can also enter groundwater through leaching.